NEWS ITEM
News item is a text which informs readers about events of the day. The events are considered newsworthy or important.
Generic structure of news item :
1. Newsworthy events
2. Backround events
3. Source
The text above is anews item in written form. It’s purpose is to inform the readers about event of the day which are considered newswort or important. The structure of this text type is :
1. Newsworthy event(s) : recont(s) the event(s) in a summary form.
2. Backround events : elaborate what happened, to whom, in what circumstances.
3. Source : comments by participant, in witness to and autorities expert on the event.
Language feature of news item
1. Using action verbs
2. Using saying verbs
3. Using passive sentence

• There are some rules that an help to make newspaper headlines more comprehensible.
• The passive voice is used without the appropriate from of ‘’be’’.
• It is unusual to find complex fprms, generally the simple prent form id used.
• The present progressive tense is used, usually to describe something that is changing or developing, but the auxiliary verb is usually left out.
• To refer to the future, headlines often use the infinitive.
• Headlines are not alwasy complete sentences.
By : Istiqomah

Introductory It

Introductory It

A: To get the best score is hard.
B: It is hard to get the best score.
In this pattern, it has no meaning. It is used only to fill the subject position in the sentence. Thus, it is called introductory it. A and B the same thing, but the sentence B is more common mainly to make the meaning of B easier to understand. Introductory “it” can fill the position both of the subject and object.

When the subject is clause, the sentence usually begins with it. So instead of saying “That he was once a communist is true,” we say,” It is true that he was once a communist.”

Introductory it is also used with seem, appear, and look when the subject is an infinitive phrase, a phrase with a gerund in it or clause.
It looked doubtful whether she would come.
It seemed strange that she should behave like that.
It seems possible that he may quit the job.
It appeared unwise to offend him.

It is sometimes used as the object of the verbs think, feel, deem, count, consider etc.
Don’t you think it dangerous to drive so carelessly?
I consider it a privilege to have this opportunity of welcoming you.

The introductory it is sometimes used in questions.
Who was it that broke the window?
It is Peter who broke the window.
When the subject is an infinitive phrase, the sentence often begins with it. Instead of saying “To find fault with others is easy”, we say “It is easy to find the fault with others.”

When the subject is a phrase that includes a gerund, it is used as a provisional subject to begin the sentence. Instead of saying “Your trying to deceive us is no good,” we may say “It is no good your trying to deceive us.
By : Istiqomah

I have a friend named Nadya Chitayae. She is a big fans of Justin Bieber. She also really like the color purple. Itu contoh kecil tentang Descriptive text.

Definition and purpose of Descriptive Text 

Descriptive text is a text which say what a person or a thing is like. The purpose is to describe and reveal a particular person, place, or thing.

The Generic Structure of Descriptive Text
Descriptive text has structure as below :
Identification : identifying the phenomenon to be described.
Description : describing the phenomenon in parts, qualities, or characteristics.

We get the purpose from the text above that description is used in all forms of writing to create a vivid impression of a person, place, object or event e.g. to: •
• Describe a special place and explain why it is special.
• Describe the most important person in your live.
• Describe the animal’s habit in your report.

The description text has dominant language features as follows:
1. Using Simple Present Tense
2. Using action verbs
3. Using passive voice
4. Using noun phrase
5. Using adverbial phrase
6. Using technical terms
7. Using general and abstract noun
8. Using conjunction of time and cause-effect.




Descriptive text is a text which say what a person or a thing is like. The purpose is to describe and reveal a particular person, place, or thing.
The Generic Structure of Descriptive Text
Descriptive text has structure as below :
Identification : identifying the phenomenon to be described.
Description : describing the phenomenon in parts, qualities, or characteristics.

We get the purpose from the text above that description is used in all forms of writing to create a vivid impression of a person, place, object or event e.g. to: •
• Describe a special place and explain why it is special.
• Describe the most important person in your live.
• Describe the animal’s habit in your report.

The description text has dominant language features as follows:
1. Using Simple Present Tense
2. Using action verbs
3. Using passive voice
4. Using noun phrase
5. Using adverbial phrase
6. Using technical terms
7. Using general and abstract noun
8. Using conjunction of time and cause-effect.

DIRECT & INDIRECT SPEECH

DIRECT & INDIRECT SPEECH

Direct speech : refers to reproducing another persons excact word. We use quotation marks (" ")

Example of Direct Speech :
1. Jani said, “I’m very busy .”
2. They said, “We have bought a picture.”
3. He said, “I am learning my lesson.”
4. Lisa says, “I got the first prize.”
5. You said, “I will come to help him.”
6. Oskar will say, “I will do my best.”


Indirect speech : refers to reproducing the idea of another persons
word.

There are 3 kinds of indirect speech :
1. Imperrative (command/request)
2. interrogative (question)
3. Declarative (statement)


Example :
1. Imperrative (command / request)
Direct : Mrs. Rika said to Dina, "Don't wory about it."
Indirect : Mrs. Rika told Dina not to wory about it.

2. Interrogative (question)
Direct : Risa asked to Nico, "Are you a journalist?"
Indirect : Risa asked if / whether He was journalist.

3. Declarative (statement)
Direct : Mr. Dion said, "I worked hard yesterday."
Indirect : Mr. Dion said that he worked hard the day before.


In comand sentences, direct speech can changed to indirect speech with change "Said" to be "Ordered", "Told", and "Forbade".
Example :
1. Direct : Hamid said, "Open the door!"
Indirect : Hamid ordered to open the door.

2. Direct : Hamid said, "Dul, come here!"
Indirect : Hamid told Dul to come there.

3. Direct : Hamid said to Andi, "Do not disturb me!"
Indirect : Hamid forbade Andi to disturb him.
By : Delyana

Modals in the past form
1. Could + Verb base
• To offer suggestions or possibilities
Example:
Jason : Oh, no! I left my shorts.
Nate : Don’t worry, Jason. You could borrow my shorts.

Mitchie : I’m having trouble with English.
Demi : Why don’t you ask Tess? Perhaps she could help you.
• To indicate that the ability existed in the past but doesn’t exist now.
Example:
Mitchie : Ras, can you climb the coconut tree?
Shane : Well… I could climb coconut tree when I was so young. But I think I’m too heavy to climb it.

Selena : Grandpa, what could you do when you were younger?
Grandpa : When I was younger, I could swim across the big river very well and faster.
• To express polite requests
Example:
* Could I borrow your pencil (please)?
* Could you lend me your jacket now?
* Could you please close the door?
* Could you pass the salt?


2. Would + Verb base

• For an action that was repeated regularly in the past
Example:
* When I was a child, I would visit my grandparents every weekend.
* On Sundays, when I was a child, we would all get up early and go fishing.
• Insert rather into the pattern and use this expression to express preferences
Example:
Troy : What would you rather do in the weekend, go to the party or stay home?
Ryan : I would rather go to the party than stay home.

Gabriella : Which country would you rather visit?
Sharpay : I would rather visit Italia than Somalia.
• To express polite requests
Example:
Nick : Would you mind cycling with me, Selena?
Selena : No, not at all. It would be nice.

Joey : Would you please pass the helmet, Mary?
Mary : No problem.


3. Should + Verb base

• To give definite advice (advisability)
Example:
Mom : Putri, you should study tonight. You will have English test tomorrow, won’t you?
Mitchie : Joe : You should paint your door, Kevin. It looks terrible.
Kevin : Yes, I know I should.
• To express the subject’s obligation or duty:
Example:
* You should practice for more than an hour. (to musical friend)
* They shouldn’t allow parking here; the street is too narrow.
* Application should be sent before March 13th.

4. Might + Verb base

• To tell possibilities
Example:
Nick : Where is Joe?
Kevin : He might be in the studio with Stella.
• To express polite requests
Example:
Demi : Might I borrow your coat?
Miley : I’m afraid not. It has been brought by Hannah for weeks and I don’t know when he’ll return it.
By : Istiqomah

Narrative text is a text which contains about story (fiction/non fiction/tales/folktales/fables/myths/epic) and its plot consists of climax of the story (complication) then followed by the resolution.

A narrative text is a text amuse, entertain and deal with actual or vicarious experience in different ways. Narrative deal with problematic events which lead to a crisis or turning point of some kind, which in turn finds a resolution.

The generic structure of narrative text :

Orientation : It sets the scene and introduces the participants (it answers the questions; Who, What, When and Where)

Complication: A crisis or a problem arises. It usually involves the main characters.

Resolution: Solving problems. The contents of the story, can end up with joy (happy ending) or could also end up with sadness (sad ending).

Reorietiation (optional) : The change which happens to the participants and the lessons we can learn from the story.

The kinds of narrative text :

Myth
A tradisional story which may describe the origins of the world, a place, and / or of people. It is considered a true sacred in he remote past.

Legend
A true story primarily about human heroes in the recent past and may feature some religious reference.

Folktale
A story which is regarded as fiction. It can be a non-sacred fictional story that occurs “once upon the time“ and features human and nonhuman characters.

FolkloreA collection of fictional tales about people and / or animals. It include myth and tales.

Example Narrative text :

 "MALIN KUNDANG"

Orientation :

A long time ago, in a small village near the beach in West Sumatra, a woman and her son lived. They were Malin Kundang and her mother. Her mother was a single parent because Malin Kundang's father had passed away when he was a baby. Malin Kundang had to live hard with his mother.
   Malin Kundang was a healthy, dilligent, and strong boy. He usually went to sea to catch fish. After getting fish he would bring it to his mother, or sold the caught fish in the town.

  Complication :

One day, when Malin Kundang was sailing, he saw a merchant's ship which was being raided by a small band of prates. He helped the merchant. With his brave and power, Malin Kundang defeated the pirates. The merchant was so happy and thanked to him. In return the merchant asked Malin Kundang to sail with him. To get a better life, Malin Kundang agreed. He left his mother alone.
   Many years later, Malin Kundang became wealthy. He had a huge ship and was helped by many ship crews loading trading goods. Perfectly he had a beautiful wife too. When he was sailing his trading journey, his ship landed on a beach near a small village. The villagers recognized him. The news ran fast in the town; “Malin Kundang has become rich and now he is here”.

  An old woman ran to the beach to meet the new rich merchant. She was Malin Kundang’s mother. She wanted to hug him, released her sadness of being lonely after so long time. Unfortunately, when the mother came, Malin Kundang who was in front of his well dressed wife and his ship crews denied meeting that old lonely woman. For three times her mother begged Malin Kundang and for three times he yelled at her.

Resolution :

At last Malin Kundang said to her "Enough, old woman! I have never had a mother like you, a dirty and ugly woman!" After that he ordered his crews to set sail. He would leave the old mother again but in that time she was full of both sadness and angriness.
  Finally, enraged, she cursed Malin Kundang that he would turn into a stone if he didn't apologize. Malin Kundang just laughed and really set sail.

In the quiet sea, suddenly a thunderstorm came. His huge ship was wrecked and it was too late for Malin Kundang to apologize. He was thrown by the wave out of his ship. He fell on a small island. It was really too late for him to avoid his curse. Suddenly, he turned into a stone.

ASKING FOR INFORMATION

ASKING FOR INFORMATION

Asking Information There are a number of formulas used when asking for information in English. Here are some of the most common:

• · Could you tell me…?
• · Do you know…?
• · Do you happen to know…?
• · I’d like to know…
• · Could you find out…?
• · I’m interested in…
• · I’m looking for..

These two forms are used for asking for information on the telephone:

• · I’m calling to find out…
• · I’m calling about…

Here are some sample phrases and sentences for asking information in English
1. What is this? This is a tableThis is a chair.
2. What is that? That is a eraser.
3. What’s this? It’s a pen.
4. What’s that? It’s an apple.
5. What are these? These are pencils.
6. What are those? Those are books.
7. Where is Mr. King? He is over there.
8. Where is Ms. Knight? She’s (right) here.
9. Where’s Johnny? He’s in the house.
10. When’s the movie? It’s at 5:00.
11. When’s lunch? Lunch is at noon.
12. How is the food? It’s delicious.

Information about company

• What does your company do?
• What is your specialty?
• What do you specialize in?
• What is your main line of school?

Information about products

• Could you give me some (more) information on this?
• What can you tell me about this (product)?
• Tell me about this one/model.

Information about Price

• What are you asking for this?
• What does this sell for?
• How much is it?
• How much does it run?

1. Formal Invitation
Formal invitation is usually originate from Institutes, Companies and a kind of it. Normally formal invitation is written invitation.

2. Informal Invitation
Informal invitation is personal invitation given to a friend, family, etc. Informal invitation can be written invitation and verbal invitation.
 

Example of Informal Invitation

How to write an invitation
Step 1
before you write an invitation; decide on the tone, voice and level of formality, based on the event itself. This will dictate whether you hand-write the cards or have them printed, and whether you choose A preprinted or personalized invitation.
Step 2
Choose the type of invite you want, and order or buy a few more than you think you'll need. This will permit you to add some guests to your list at the last minute, if necessary. For small parties, you may want to hand-write the invitations on stationery or blank cards. For large gatherings, consider ordering printed invitations.
Step 3
Determine the wording of your invite based on the level of formality. For example, a formal invitation might say, 'Dr. and Mrs. Stanley request the pleasure of your company,' whereas a more casual note might say, 'Please join us.'
Step 4
Include the names of the host and/or hostess, as well as the place (with street address), time, date and purpose of the occasion, even if it's a simple get-together.
Step 5
Make sure to add RSVP information at the bottom of the invite if you need to know who will be attending; for example, 'RSVP' followed by your telephone number.
R.S.V.P. stands for a French phrase, "répondez, s'il vous plaît," which means "please reply.“The person sending the invitation would like you to tell him or her whether you accept or decline the invitation. That is, will you be coming to the event or not?
Step 6
Include a respond-by date on a formal invitation so you can get an accurate head count in time to adjust the amount of food, number of place settings and room size. For a wedding, charity function or other formal event, consider including a response card and a stamped, self-addressed envelope inside the envelope containing your invite.
Step 7
Mail invitations three weeks before most events, four weeks before a formal affair and three months before a wedding, to allow for airline reservations. For events held during the December holidays, send invitations around Thanksgiving.
Example of invitation:
1. Wedding invitation
2. Birthday invitation
3. Baby shower
4. Dinner invitation
By :Istiqomah

SURPRISES and DISBELIEFS

SURPRISES and DISBELIEFS

Surprise or disbeliefs is : 

1. a feeling that we feel when we heard an amazing news which surprised and amazed us 
2. an expression that we show/say when we know/hear/see something that rather difficult to believe 
3. used to express something that we can’t or impossible. 

Surprise is a brief emotional state experienced as the result of an unexpected significant event. Surprise can have any valence; that is, it can be neutral, pleasant, or unpleasant. If a person experiences a very powerful or long lasting surprise it may be considered shock.


Surprise is expressed in the face by the following features:

1. Eyebrows that are raised so they become curved and high. 
2. Stretched skin below the eyebrows. 
3. Horizontal wrinkles across the forehead. 
4. Open eyelids: the upper lid is raised and the lower lid is drawn down, often exposing the white sclera above and below the iris. 
5. Dropped jaw so that the lips and teeth are parted, with no tension around the mouth. 

To express surprises :

• Wow! What a surprise! 
• That’s a surprise! 
• (Well), that’s very surprising! 
• Really? 
• What? 
• Are you serious? You must be joking! 
• You’re kidding! 
• Fancy that! 
• I must say it surprises me. 
• I find that hard to believe. 

How To Responds Surprises :

• Yeah! 
• It is. 
• Yup! 
• Sure. 
• It’s true. 
• I’m Serious. 
• No. I’m not. 
• Does it? 
• It is, isn’t it? 
• 
  

Examples :
Maya : Whose Nokia is that?
Wija : It’s Yiyi’s
Maya : Are you kidding me?
Wija : No, I’m not.
          I saw her playing that Handphone this morning.
Maya : What a surprise!

• GRATITUDE
Gratitude is expression that used to said thank you to other people.
Kind of grantitude expression are :
Expressing Grantitude Responding
Thank you very much, You’re welcome.
Thank you for your help. No big deal.
I’m very grateful to you. It’s a pleasure.
How can I thanks you? Don’t mention it.
I can’t thank you enough. That’s all right.
I’m very much obliged to you. Any time.
I should like to express my grantitude. It was the least I could do.

• COMPLIMENT
Compliment is expression that used to give praising to other people. Some people use compliment to better up someday or to flatter in order to increase good will.
Expressing :
 What a nice dress.
 You look great.
 You look very nice.
 Fabtastic/Marvalous !
 Good job!/Excellent work
 You’re really the best!
 You look fabulous!

Time to express compliment ;
 On his/her general appearance.
 If you notice something new about the person’s appearance.
 When you visit someone’s house for the frist time.
 When other people do their best.

• CONGRATULATION
Congratulation is expression that used to said congratulate to someone whwn get a success.

Expressing :
• Let me congratulate you
• Congratulation on you successful business.
• My congratulations on your success.
• Congratulations on your promotion.
• Good !
• That’s great !
• How fortunate.

Responding :
• Thanks you.
• Thanks, i needed that.
• That’s very kind of you.
• It’s very kind of you to say that.
• Do you really think so ?
• You’ve my made my day!
• I’m glad you like it.

Recognize a prepositional phrase when you see one.

 At the minimum a prepositional phrase will begin with a preposition and end with a noun, pronoun, gerund, or clause, the "object" of the preposition.

The object of the preposition will often have one or more modifiers to describe it. These are the patterns for a prepositional phrase :

 * Preposition + noun, pronoun, gerund, or clause.

 * Preposition + modifier (s), + noun, pronoun, gerund, or clause.

The examples of the most basic prepositional phrase :

 * At Home

    At = preposition : Home = noun.

 * In Time

    In = preposition : Time = noun.

 * From Richie

    From = preposition : Richie = noun.

Most prepositional phrases are longger, like these :

 * From my grandmother

    From = preposition : My = modifier : Grandmother = noun.

 * Under the warm blanket

    Under = preposition : the warm = modifiers : Blanket = noun.

At prepositional phrase will function as an adjective or adverb. As an adjective, the prepositional phrase will answer the question "which one?"

Example :

- The book on the bathroom floor is swollen from shower steam.

  Which book? The one on the bathroom floor!

Remember that a prepositional phrase will never contain the subject of a sentence. Sometimes, a noun within the prepositional phrase seems the logical subject of a verb. Don't full for that trick! You will never find a sucject in a prepositional.

Example :

 Neither of these look books contains the receipe for manhattan- style aquid eyeball stew.

• Cook books do indeed contain. In this sentences, however,cook books is part of the prepositional phares of these cook books.

           Meither - whatever neither is-is the subject for the verb contains.
          Neither is singular, so you need the singular form of the verb, contains. If you incorrectly indentified cook books as the subject, you might write contain, the plural form, and thus commit a subject - verb agreement error.

   Advertisement is information for persuading and motivating people so that it with a attivact them to the service and the thing that are offered of informed.

  Usually pair un...

•  Mars media like print media / electronik...
• Or in pleace...
•  Like Balino...
•  Bill board...
•  And pamphlet...

  There are two various of advertisement...

1.   Product advertisment
2.  Vocancy advertisment

  In making advertisement keep the following points...

1. Language of advertisement
2. Content of advertisement

   Example :

    a. 4 bedroom famili home, double garage very good condition, large yard. Short walk to city center and school $ 187.000.

    b. Modern 7 bedroom home, large living room, separate dining room, 4 bedroom, basement, garage, beautiful big back yard and swimming pool. Exellent condition $ 989.000.

    c. Avalidde immadiately...

       large 1, - bedroom city a partement fully furnished with quclity, furnishing, large, living area, dishwaser, refrigerator. $ 187.000.

A. Present perfect tense
   Formula :
  - Kalimat + verbal
     S + have/has +V3
  - Kalimat nominal
     S + have/has + been + C

   Fungsi :
     Menyatakan sesuatu yang telah terjadi (telah selesai) pada saat berbicara.

  Example :
 - We have just read your book.
 - The cat has stolen my cake.
 - I have finish my assignment, so i want to take a rest.

  Keterangan Waktu :
 - Since...
 - For...
 - Already...
 - Just...
 - Yet...
 - All the day...
 - Ever...
 - Never... ect.

B. Present Perfect Continuous Tense
   Formula :
    - Kalimat Verbal
       S + have/has + been + Ving
    - Kalimat nominal
       S + have/has + been + being + C

    Fungsi :
     Menyatakan suatu kejadian / peristiwa yang di mulai pada masa lalu dan sekarang masih berlangsung         (belum selesai)

    Example :
     - Kristina has been living in Indonesia for three years.
     - Syifa has been being a nurse for more than 4 years.

    Keterangan Waktu :
     Di pakai untuk present perfect continuouns tense ini sama dengan keterangan waktu untuk present perfect tense.

C. Past Perfect Tense
   Formula :
    - Kalimat Verbal
       S + had + V3
    - Kalimat Nominal
       S + had + been + C

  Fungsi :
   Menyatakan sesuatu yang telah terjadi (telah selesai) pada saat / sebelum peristiwa lain terjadi di waktu lampau.

  Example :
  - The band had already released the firts album when Yuda joined it.

  Keterangan Waktu :
  - For...
  - Since...
  - By...
  - before...
  - After..., ect.

D. Past Perfect Continuous Tense
   Formula :
    Kalimat Verbal
    S + Had + been + Ving
    Kalimat Nominal
    S + had + been + being + C

  Fungsi :
   Menyatakan sesuatu yang terjadi atau telah di mulai pada masa lalu dan masih terjadi pada saat peristiwa lain di waktu lampau terjadi.

  Example :
  - Nadya had been being in her room when the thieve sneaked inside.
  - Willy had been working at the office for a year when i met her there.

  Keterangan Waktu :
  Di pakai untuk Past Perfect Continuous Tense ini sama dengan keterangan waktu untuk Past Perfect Tense.

part of body

Shapes

GREETING :
               - Formal
               - Informal
 
Formal Greetings

• Good Morning (until about lunch time, before 12 a.m)
• Good Afternoon (12-6 p.m)
• Good Evening (until about 9 p.m)
• Good Morning, Sir. Ma’am

Note: Do not use “Good day” excped in Australia

~ Informal Greetings

• Hi, Indah !
• Morning, Andreas !
• Hello

~ Initial Greetings

• How are you ? I’m fine thank you
• How’s it doing?
• How are doing?
• How’s life?


* Responding to initial greeting :

- Very well, thank you and how are you?
- I’m good/okay/alright
- Oh, pretty good
- Not too bad, thank’s
- Fine, thank’s
- Excellent


* Pre clossing :

- Ok Then
- I’ve got to go now
- So, I’ll see you next week
- I think I’d be going now?
- I must be going home !



* Clossing / leave taking :

- Good bye (formal/informal)
- Bye-bye, bye; now. See you. Take care
- See you later … Fine
- See you soon … Ok
- See you tonight … All right

• Good night (after 8 p.m or retiring to bed)

The simple present or present simple is one of the two present tenses used in modern English, the other being Present continuous.

There two kinds of simple present tense :

1. NOMINAL SENTENCE
(simple present tense without verb)
Formula :
(+) S + Tobe + Adj/Noun/Adv
(-) S + Tobe + not + Adj/Noun/Adv
(?) Tobe + S + Adj/Noun/Adv ?

Example :

(+) They are tired
(-) They are not tired
(?) Are they tired ?

2. VERBAL
(simple present tense with verb)
Formula :
(+) S + V1 (s/es) + O/C
(-) S + do/does + not + V1 + O/C
(?) Do/does + S + V1 + O/C  ?
 
The some frequency that use in simple present tense :
- Always
- Usually
- Often
- Never
- Sometimes
- Seldom

Examples :
- I always remember you
- They are usually here
- We often eat in restaurant
- I never cry
- She sometimes forgets
- He seldom studies

Uses of present simple:
We uses the present simple for describes general truths, facts and scientific laws.
Example : the earth moves round the sun.

- We use the present simple for direction.
Example : the earth moves round the sun.

1. Simple Past Tense is a kind of tense which is used to describe an event or action that happened already in a certain time in the past
The pattern :
(+) Subject + verb II + complement
(-) Subject + did not + verb II + complement
(?) Did + subject + verb I
The examples :
(+) I went to Tangkiling yesterday
(-) I did not go anywhere last night
(?) Did you go last week?
Adverbs used :yesterday, last night, last week, two days ago, e few minutes ago, last weekend, last month,last year, in 1984, etc.

2. Past Continuous Tense is a kind of tense that is used to describe an event or an action which was happening in a certain time in the past
The pattern :
(+) Subject + was/were +verb-ing+ complement
(-) Subject + was not/were not+verb-ing+ complement
(?) was/were+ subject + verb-ing+complement
The examples :
(+) He was writing a letter at eight o’clock last night
(-) He was not writing a letter at seven o’clock last night
(?) Were you writing a letter at eight last night?

adverbs used :
at the time like this yesterday, at seven o’clock last night, etc.

3. Past Perfect Tense is a kind of tense that is used to describe an action or an event that started in a certain time in the past and completed or finished till in a certain time in the past too; or past perfect tense is used to express an action or an event that had happened before the other event or action happened

The pattern :
(+) Subject + had+verb III+cmplement
(-) Subject + had not+ver III+complement
(?) Had + subject +verb III+complement
examples :
(+) We had eaten before they came
(-) They had not eaten before we came
(?) Had they eaten before we got back?
Adverbs used :
from 1998 to 1999, once, twice, etc.

Procedure text is a text that desingned to describe how something is achieved trough a sequence of actions or steps...

Generic structure :
- AM or Goal = something to achieve.
- Materials = The things needed to achieve the goal.
- Steps = The activities to achieve the goal.

The Characteristics :

• Using the simple presents tense, and imperative sentences...
• Using relative pronoun tenporal...
• Using action verb...

NARRATIVE TEXT

NARRATIVE TEXT

Narrative text is someone tells to entertain,stimulate emotion or to teach.

The generic structures of narrative text are:
-Orientation : Introducing the characters of the story,the time and the place
The story happened(who/what,when and where)
-Complication : A series of events in which the main character attempt to solve
The problem.
-Resolution : The ending of the story containing the problem solution.

The function of narrative text are :
-To amuse or to entertain
-To deal with actual vicarious experience in different ways.

Kinds of narrative text are :
-Fable
-fairy tale
-Legend,etc

Language features of narrative text are :
-Focus on specific and individualized participants
-Use of material process(action verb)
-Use some of behaviourial and verbal processes
-Use of relational process and mental process
-Use past tense
-Use of temporal conjunction and temporal circumstances.

RECOUNT TEXT

RECOUNT TEXT

Recount text is a kind of text to tells the reader a past event or experience in a chronological order. That’s why, it uses simple past tense.

Recount text usually focuses on a person’s past experience, so it usually uses the word “I or we”.

The generic structure of recount text :

Ø Orientation :

Tells the readers who was involved in the story, what happened, where the story took place, and when it happened.

Ø Events :

Tell the sequence of events.

Ø Re-orientation :

Summarises the event.

Announcement is something said, written or printed to make known what has happened or (more often) what will happen.
In writing an announcement, keep the following points :
· The title/type of event.
· Date/time.
· Place.
· Who to contact.

Example :
  Attention, please
The Garuda Airlines flight number 009 to Surabaya will take off in twenty minutes. To all passengers, please proceed to gate 2 immediately. Thank you.

Ciri-cirinya adalah "Hanya bisa di dengar dan tidak dapat di variasikan.

GIVING INSTRUCTION is an expression that is used in giving orders or directions to other person to do the tasks we instruct them to do or giving imperatives to other people to do or not to do something. Giving instructions can also be called Comperative or Prohibition

Example of giving instruction :
Cia : Cici, come here please !
Cici  : Ok, what's up Cia ?
Cia : Please, clean the floor !
Cici : Ok !

1. Command : Pemerintah

• Verb (to)

example : Watch out, come here...
* Please + Verb (to)

2. Prohibition : Larangan
Dont + verb (to) + please...
example : Would you mind not + verb.ing (to)

3. Kind of giving Intruction.
*Verb 1
Example :
- Be lazy
*Don't + verb 1
-Don't drink
* No + Verb-ing.

SYMPATHY EXPERESSION is an expression or feeling of pityand sorrow when we know and see someone or people are unlucky or have trouble and in bad condition. By expressing sympahty we want to show our concern or carefulness on other people's condition.

The purpose is the peoples will know if we care with them.

The expression of sympathy expression can be devided into two part : informal and formal.
Expressing Sympathy :
¤ That's awfull.
¤ Oh, what a shame !
¤ I'm sorry to hear that.
¤ I'm sorry to know that.
¤ You must be very upset.
¤ Oh dear !
¤ That's a shame, poor you.
¤ That's a pity, i express my deeps.
¤ That's a terrible.
¤ That's to bad.

Accepting Sympathy :
- Thanks.
- Thank you.
- Thank you so much.
- Thank you very much.

Some condition of giving sympathy :
- Accident.
- Sick.
- Sad.

HAPPINESS EXPRESSION

Is an expression that is used to show that someone or people are glad have excited feelings.
We can expressing happiness with :
¤ Word.
¤ Gesture. Kind of expressing happiness :
¤ I like.
¤ I love.
¤ I'm statisfied with ……
¤ I'm pleased with ……
¤ Congratulation.
¤ I'm very happy because ……
¤ Well down.
¤ That's fantastic !
¤ That's good !
¤ That's great !
¤ That's wonderfull !
¤ That's exciting.
¤ I'm so happy for you.
¤ I'm happy to hear that.
¤ I'm glad to know that.
¤ I'm so happy to know it.
¤ My happiness for you.
¤ I'm very happy with you.

Example of happiness expression:
Ione : I get the birthday present from my mother, yesterday !
Edhep : Fantastic! This great.

Invitation is to offer something make a suggestion or invite someone to do something.
We can use the following pattern.

Extending :
· How would you like … ?
· Would you like to come to … ?
· Do you want to …?
· We would you like to invite you to … ?
· We would you like you join us for … ?
· How about … ?
· I want to join to … ?
· Do you mind to come to … ?
· Shall we go to … ?
· Less we go to … ?
· Please come to … ?
· I’ll be happy if you come to … ?

Accepting :
· Thank you, I’ll come.
· OK !
· I’d love to …
· I’d like to …
· That’s sound great.
· That’s sound good.
· That would be terrific.

Declining :
· I’d love to, but I can’t.
· I’d love to, but I want be able to. How about some other time.

Invite Someone :
· I would you like to … ?
· I would you like you to … ?
· Shall we … ?

Giving Something To Someone :
· I’d like to give you.
· Here’s (are) the … / your, …
· Allow me to present you with …

Gaining Attention is expressions that used to get attention or response from somebody

Kinds expressions of Gaining Attention :

• Attention please.
• May/can I have your attention please ?
• Excuse me.
• Look here.
• Look at me please.
• Waiter.
• I hope you can attention me.
• I'm sorry but......
• Silent, please !
• Be quite !
• Don't be noisy !

Showing attention :

• Look at you.
• How beautiful !
• That's wonderful.
• What's the matter ?
• Is everything allright ?

Appointment is tells about agreement for meeting is is good to make an appointment before you meet someone or people

Making Appointment
. I'd like to make an appointment with Sony.
. I want to make an appointment to see...
. I'd like you to come and see...
. I'll be there


Canceling an Appointment
. I'm sorry.I'm very busy.
. I'm terrible sorry I have to put of my appointment

Accepting an Appointment
. All right, see you there.
. No problem, I'm free on...